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Coffee Bean Types: Arabica, Robusta, Liberica, and Excelsa

You've probably heard that different varieties produce distinct flavors. Find out more about four of the most popular varieties: Arabica, Robusta, Liberica, and Excelsa.

Excelsa beans are a kind of Liberica which is grown exclusively in Southeast Asia. They have a sweeter and tarter taste profile, and are often added to coffee blends to add depth.

Arabica

Arabica coffee beans account for 75% of all global production. Arabica beans are softer and sweeter than Robusta. They also come in different flavors. The taste and aroma components of a coffee may vary in a wide range depending on the cultivation conditions and the processing methods used to make it.

The word "coffee" originates from the Arabic word meaning the berry. Coffee beans are actually seeds that develop inside bright red berries. It is believed ancient Ethiopian shepherds found that their goats were energized by eating these berries. The cultivation of coffee spread quickly around the world.

Coffee beans can be grown at high altitudes, and are capable of thriving when exposed to cold temperatures and lots of rain. This is one of the main reasons why Arabica is regarded as the most delicious coffee.

Many specialty coffee beans coffee shops and roasters focus on finding their arabica beans in a sustainable manner by focusing on fair wages for farmers and sustainable growing practices. These companies blend arabica beans in order to create unique signature coffees, which are suitable for a variety of brewing methods. Blending is a way to control the aroma, flavor and body, as well as the acidity of coffee. It is typically preferred to get a consistent and balanced flavor that appeals to a wider market.

Robusta

Robusta beans (Coffea canephora) are the second most common type of coffee bean grown in the world. They contain more caffeine per bean than Arabica, and are more resistant to pests and disease. They also have higher levels of chlorogenic acids, which are antioxidants found naturally. However, these acids could cause oxidation in the process of brewing coffee and could result in unpleasant flavors.

The plant itself is more robust than arabica and is able to thrive in less favorable climate conditions and at lower elevations. It can tolerate higher temperatures and thrives in direct sunlight. It is faster growing and produces more coffee per plant than arabica, making it a cheaper crop to grow.

While it may seem counterintuitive, Robusta beans are often blended with arabica to make coffee blends. If you find names such as Uganda or Kenya on a coffee bag it's possible there is also some robusta.

Most roasters use a mixture of arabica and coffee beans to cut costs and preserve the quality. To maintain the quality of the flavor, it is essential to choose a high-quality bean from a source that you are confident with. The best method to achieve this is to purchase your beans directly from the farmer.

Liberica

Liberica beans are more or less football shaped which distinguishes them from other types of coffee beans. They have a distinct aroma that is floral and fruity with smokey undertones. They are paired with other types of coffee beans to give them a more rounded, more robust taste.

Liberica coffee beans are available in West Africa, Malaysia (Borneo), and Southeast Asia. They can grow in low altitudes and tolerate humid, hot climates. They also have a better resistance to disease than Arabica and Robusta.

These qualities make them perfect for home-growing. You can purchase seeds online from many sources, however it is best to purchase them from local producers to guarantee the quality of the beans. The ideal conditions to grow Liberica coffee include fertile deep volcano soils, with moderately acidic, and enough annual rainfall.

Excelsa is another type of coffee bean. It was previously classified as a distinct species, but has now been classified as a Liberica variant. These oval-shaped coffee beans are found on large coffee plants, which can grow to 20-30 feet in height at moderate altitudes. Their unique flavor is tart and sour, which makes them a popular choice for house blends. They are also less heavy on aroma and caffeine than Arabica and Robusta, but still have an unusual richness of flavor.

Excelsa

Excelsa coffee beans aren't as popular as Arabica and Robusta, although they're fourth popular. They were actually regarded as a different coffee plant species up until 2006, when they were reclassified to be a synonym for Coffea Liberica var. dewevrei. They are produced in Southeast Asia today and account for 7% the world's production of coffee. These coffee beans are shaped like a teardrop and have a dark roast coffee beans, mysterious taste. They're often used in blends to add extra body and a rich, tart, ripened fruit taste.

Arabica beans are by far the most sought-after and are known for their sweeter taste. They thrive in warm, tropical environments and at high altitudes. They also have a touch of acidity. If they are brewed correctly and roast properly, they can have notes like nuts, chocolate or even fruit.

Robusta is a close second to Arabica and makes up around 40 percent of the world's coffee. Robusta beans are rounder and smaller, but contain twice as much caffeine than Arabica. They also have more bitterness than the other two varieties and tend to have earthy and woody undertones.

Now that you've learned the four most common types of coffee beans and the four most popular types of coffee beans, it's time to select the perfect coffee. If you want a smooth and delicate taste, go for an arabica bean or a blend of robusta and arabica beans.